ENGLISH 2 FINAL ASSIGNMENT

I.                   Writing

Develop a short explanatory-argumentative essay which consists about 250 – 300 words. Choose one of these topics:

1. What do you think about traditional culture towards modern culture?
2. Which one is more important, formal education or informal education?

II.                Reading Comprehension

GREENER CARS MAY WARM THE WORLD

Cars equipped with catalytic converters emit higher quantities of a gas that contribute to global warming and deplete stratospheric ozone than cars without them, according to tests carried at in Sweden and France.

A catalytic converter is a cylindrical box connected to the exhaust of a petrol car. It reduces some of the pollutants that petrol engines produce, such as hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. A modern three ways catalytic converter (TWC) can eliminate up to 80% of these pollutants.

All new cars in the US are fitted with catalytic converters in order to reduce pollution and the European Commission is considering following suit by making it compulsory for all new models of cars in Europe to be fitted with TWCs.

Nitrous oxide is a by-product of the process within catalytic converters. Until recently, researcher had thought that nitrous oxide was not a significant pollutant from motor vehicles.

However, researcher at the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (SERI) in Gothenburg, the Vehicle Emission Research laboratory in Studsvik and the Petroleum Institute at Rueil-Malmaison in France, have found that level of nitrous oxide rose significantly in cars with catalytic converters.

The researchers looked at nitrous oxide emission from cars with petrol engines, both with and without TWCs, and also at emissions from cars with diesel engines. All the studies found that cars equipped with TWCs produced more nitrous oxide than either a car without a TWC or a diesel-powered vehicle. The researcher at SERI found that vehicles with TWCs produced up to five times as much as nitrous oxide as cars without them.

The French team also found that cars fitted with TWCs produced many times more nitrous oxide than cars without them. The difference, however, is the greatest at low speeds after a cold start. All three groups showed that the complex chemistry occurring within a TWC forms nitrous oxide.

Concern about the role of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere dates back to the early 1970s, when scientists feared that emission of the gas from the engines of high flying aircraft such as Concord would destroy ozone in the stratosphere. Although later calculation showed that this risk was slight, the research led to the investigation of the role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as destroyers of ozone.

More recently, realized that nitrous oxide contributes significantly to the warming of the world, through the greenhouse effect. Like carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs and other gases produced as a result of human activities, nitrous oxide traps the infrared heat that would be otherwise radiated into space.

Nitrous oxide ranks behind carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs in its contribution to the greenhouse effect, but this does not mean that its contribution can be ignored.

One of the key problems with the greenhouse effect is that there are so many gases that seem to make a minor contribution that it is hard to blame any one pollutant. Together, all these gases apart from carbon dioxide more than double the effect of CO_2. As Stephen Schneider of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research has put it: “the little guys nickel and dime their way to contribute half the problem”.

According to one of he researchers from SERI, no one yet knows whether the amount of nitrous oxide produced by catalytic converters will have a significant contribution to global warming or to the depletion of stratospheric ozone.

Researchers also do not understand the chemical processes by which nitrous oxides are produced within TWCs so the converters cannot yet modified to prevent this gas from forming.

TWCs do, however, have a significant role in reducing other oxides of nitrogen, nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which produce nitrous oxide when they are deposited on surfaces. So cars without TWCs could produce more nitrous oxide indirectly.

Meanwhile, the results have caused a stir in some parts of Scandinavia-one Swedish newspaper overreacted to the results and published a story with a headline which read: “Catalytic converters destroy the ozone layer”.

A. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What does the text talk about?
2. What is the function of catalytic converter?
3. What is the difference between cars with TWCs and cars without TWCs?
4. How is the role of nitrous oxide to the warming of the world?
5. So what does “green car’ mean?

B. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS

1. Explain the meaning of the word “equipped” in paragraph 1?
2. Give the synonym of the word “eliminate” in paragraph 2 from the text!
3. What is the synonym of the word “concern” in paragraph 8 according to the context?

III.             Structure

All sentences below are wrong. Pay attention to the underlined words, the mistake is on the one of those underlined word. Rewrite the correction only.

1.             Throughout its history, the John Hopkins University has noted for providing innovative programs and for its emphasis on graduate study.

2.             It is extremely important for an engineer to know to use a computer.

3.             Beyond the simple pleasure of flying, kites have been use to lift or tow objects.

4.             B.J. Habibie was the most prominent scientist in Indonesia when he appointed a President of Republic of Indonesia in 1998.

5.             According to the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. constitution, no person should be compelled to be a witness against him own.

6.             The Navajo Indians have displayed a market ability to incorporate aspects of other cultures into a changing, flexibility life style.

7.             The companies president eats lunch in the cafeteria with the other employees once a week.

8.             The building who wins the award for architecture will become famous.

9.             Could you get a report you told me about that explains the latest environmental regulation?

10.         The typed letters were placing on the manager’s desk.

11.         In the front office, a smiled receptionist greets visitors.

12.         The black leopard is very dark that its spots are difficult to seeing.

13.         Lack of sanitation in restaurants are a major cause of disease in some areas of the country.

14.         Because the employees working so diligently to renovation the old building, the manager had a party.

15.         Star in our universe are various in temperature, color, brightness, size and mass.

16.         When their temperature rise, the resistance of thermistors fall rapidly.

17.         All materials can classified into three groups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow.

18.         The first category is substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.

19.         A material which is not easily release electrons is called an insulator.

20.         Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as insulator.

21.         You may have to moving to a different region or a different country to get a job that is right for you.

22.         You might even have to taking a lower salary for a job that offers you the experience that you need.

23.         But you should never accepted a job if it is not related to your career goals.

24.         Accepting a job that is not within your career path will not give you the training or experience you need or wanted.

25.         .What are you going to do if the company doesn’t providing you a permanent employee status?

26.         What is the hardest thing you can do relating to the job that you want or what kind of sacrifices that you can do?

27.         Not only for production process in industry and transportation, this fuel is still required much to generating electricity.

28.         The government should more sensitive to take action towards air pollution in big cities.

29.         What was your best and up to date innovation you have contribution or you have done?

30. As our company plan new products and processes, health, safety and environmental considerations are a priority

IV.             Translation.

A.    Translate this text into Indonesian.

When carrying out restorations or modification to our own or another property we should always be careful to build-in a margin of safety to the construction. Everyone knows that asbestos can be a health hazard, but are we all aware that wood dust, cement dust, metal and noise can also be dangerous? The most at-risk part of the body is the eyes. When using any power tool and a lot of hand tools, the eyes should be protected from dust and flying debris. One piece of swarf in the eye can lead to blindness. We should all get into and maintain the habit of wearing safety spectacles or googles at all times when working with tools. Spectacles give protection against first impact, but should only be used with hand tools. Power tools, because of their higher work-rate, produce waste at a much higher rate and the eyes should then be protected by goggles which provide protection against secondary impacts. Full face screens are available, which flip-up, and can provide a margin of head protection as well as eye protection.

B.     Translate this text into English.

Tidak sedikit dari perusahaan yang masih belum memberikan pelayanan K3 yang baik dan benar terhadap karyawannya. Padahal hal tersebut sangat penting untuk masa depan perusahaan juga. Hampir semua perusahaan tidak pernah membahas K3 dalam rapat-rapat yang diselenggarakan perusahaan tersebut. Perusahaan terlalu fokus pada produksi perusahaan sedangkan program K3 belum diperhatikan dan dikembangkan.. Jika sudah terjadi kecelakaan, barulah perusahaan akan mengingat mengenai K3 tersebut. Namun tetap perusahaan tidak memprioritaskan program K3 dalam pengoperasiannya.Selain itu, pengetahuan mengenai K3 oleh pimpinan maupun karyawan masih rendah. Hal inilah yang membuat perusahaan masih kurang dalam kesadaran dan memberikan pelayanan K3 untuk karyawannya. Terkadang kondisi keuangan perusahaan tersebut tidak mendukung pelaksanaan K3. Karena kurangnya modal untuk menyelenggarakan dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan K3 tersebut, sehingga penerapan K3 pun tidak maksimal dan terkesan seadanya.