GIVING ARGUMENTATION

Give your answers to the questions below. Give reasons to your opinion about learning foreign languages, foreign cultures, and globalization. Show your logical thinking sequence. Write each answer, at least, in 200 words.

1.  What do you think about the phenomenon of globalization, related to foreign language learning? (Describing the current condition in terms of the importance or less importance of learning foreign language and culture, the impacts to local culture and language, and the impacts to people lives.)

2. What do you think about the strengths and weaknesses of foreign language learning in Indonesia? (Describing condition by showing evidence)

3. How is your experience in speaking English with foreigners or with your classmates? (Describing facts and feeling)

4. What do you predict what will happen in the future and what do you suggest to face the challenge of globalization, still related to foreign language learning?
(Describing the future condition and anticipating the condition)

ENGLISH 2 FINAL ASSIGNMENT

I.                   Writing

Develop a short explanatory-argumentative essay which consists about 250 – 300 words. Choose one of these topics:

1. What do you think about traditional culture towards modern culture?
2. Which one is more important, formal education or informal education?

II.                Reading Comprehension

GREENER CARS MAY WARM THE WORLD

Cars equipped with catalytic converters emit higher quantities of a gas that contribute to global warming and deplete stratospheric ozone than cars without them, according to tests carried at in Sweden and France.

A catalytic converter is a cylindrical box connected to the exhaust of a petrol car. It reduces some of the pollutants that petrol engines produce, such as hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. A modern three ways catalytic converter (TWC) can eliminate up to 80% of these pollutants.

All new cars in the US are fitted with catalytic converters in order to reduce pollution and the European Commission is considering following suit by making it compulsory for all new models of cars in Europe to be fitted with TWCs.

Nitrous oxide is a by-product of the process within catalytic converters. Until recently, researcher had thought that nitrous oxide was not a significant pollutant from motor vehicles.

However, researcher at the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (SERI) in Gothenburg, the Vehicle Emission Research laboratory in Studsvik and the Petroleum Institute at Rueil-Malmaison in France, have found that level of nitrous oxide rose significantly in cars with catalytic converters.

The researchers looked at nitrous oxide emission from cars with petrol engines, both with and without TWCs, and also at emissions from cars with diesel engines. All the studies found that cars equipped with TWCs produced more nitrous oxide than either a car without a TWC or a diesel-powered vehicle. The researcher at SERI found that vehicles with TWCs produced up to five times as much as nitrous oxide as cars without them.

The French team also found that cars fitted with TWCs produced many times more nitrous oxide than cars without them. The difference, however, is the greatest at low speeds after a cold start. All three groups showed that the complex chemistry occurring within a TWC forms nitrous oxide.

Concern about the role of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere dates back to the early 1970s, when scientists feared that emission of the gas from the engines of high flying aircraft such as Concord would destroy ozone in the stratosphere. Although later calculation showed that this risk was slight, the research led to the investigation of the role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as destroyers of ozone.

More recently, realized that nitrous oxide contributes significantly to the warming of the world, through the greenhouse effect. Like carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs and other gases produced as a result of human activities, nitrous oxide traps the infrared heat that would be otherwise radiated into space.

Nitrous oxide ranks behind carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs in its contribution to the greenhouse effect, but this does not mean that its contribution can be ignored.

One of the key problems with the greenhouse effect is that there are so many gases that seem to make a minor contribution that it is hard to blame any one pollutant. Together, all these gases apart from carbon dioxide more than double the effect of CO_2. As Stephen Schneider of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research has put it: “the little guys nickel and dime their way to contribute half the problem”.

According to one of he researchers from SERI, no one yet knows whether the amount of nitrous oxide produced by catalytic converters will have a significant contribution to global warming or to the depletion of stratospheric ozone.

Researchers also do not understand the chemical processes by which nitrous oxides are produced within TWCs so the converters cannot yet modified to prevent this gas from forming.

TWCs do, however, have a significant role in reducing other oxides of nitrogen, nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which produce nitrous oxide when they are deposited on surfaces. So cars without TWCs could produce more nitrous oxide indirectly.

Meanwhile, the results have caused a stir in some parts of Scandinavia-one Swedish newspaper overreacted to the results and published a story with a headline which read: “Catalytic converters destroy the ozone layer”.

A. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What does the text talk about?
2. What is the function of catalytic converter?
3. What is the difference between cars with TWCs and cars without TWCs?
4. How is the role of nitrous oxide to the warming of the world?
5. So what does “green car’ mean?

B. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS

1. Explain the meaning of the word “equipped” in paragraph 1?
2. Give the synonym of the word “eliminate” in paragraph 2 from the text!
3. What is the synonym of the word “concern” in paragraph 8 according to the context?

III.             Structure

All sentences below are wrong. Pay attention to the underlined words, the mistake is on the one of those underlined word. Rewrite the correction only.

1.             Throughout its history, the John Hopkins University has noted for providing innovative programs and for its emphasis on graduate study.

2.             It is extremely important for an engineer to know to use a computer.

3.             Beyond the simple pleasure of flying, kites have been use to lift or tow objects.

4.             B.J. Habibie was the most prominent scientist in Indonesia when he appointed a President of Republic of Indonesia in 1998.

5.             According to the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. constitution, no person should be compelled to be a witness against him own.

6.             The Navajo Indians have displayed a market ability to incorporate aspects of other cultures into a changing, flexibility life style.

7.             The companies president eats lunch in the cafeteria with the other employees once a week.

8.             The building who wins the award for architecture will become famous.

9.             Could you get a report you told me about that explains the latest environmental regulation?

10.         The typed letters were placing on the manager’s desk.

11.         In the front office, a smiled receptionist greets visitors.

12.         The black leopard is very dark that its spots are difficult to seeing.

13.         Lack of sanitation in restaurants are a major cause of disease in some areas of the country.

14.         Because the employees working so diligently to renovation the old building, the manager had a party.

15.         Star in our universe are various in temperature, color, brightness, size and mass.

16.         When their temperature rise, the resistance of thermistors fall rapidly.

17.         All materials can classified into three groups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow.

18.         The first category is substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.

19.         A material which is not easily release electrons is called an insulator.

20.         Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as insulator.

21.         You may have to moving to a different region or a different country to get a job that is right for you.

22.         You might even have to taking a lower salary for a job that offers you the experience that you need.

23.         But you should never accepted a job if it is not related to your career goals.

24.         Accepting a job that is not within your career path will not give you the training or experience you need or wanted.

25.         .What are you going to do if the company doesn’t providing you a permanent employee status?

26.         What is the hardest thing you can do relating to the job that you want or what kind of sacrifices that you can do?

27.         Not only for production process in industry and transportation, this fuel is still required much to generating electricity.

28.         The government should more sensitive to take action towards air pollution in big cities.

29.         What was your best and up to date innovation you have contribution or you have done?

30. As our company plan new products and processes, health, safety and environmental considerations are a priority

IV.             Translation.

A.    Translate this text into Indonesian.

When carrying out restorations or modification to our own or another property we should always be careful to build-in a margin of safety to the construction. Everyone knows that asbestos can be a health hazard, but are we all aware that wood dust, cement dust, metal and noise can also be dangerous? The most at-risk part of the body is the eyes. When using any power tool and a lot of hand tools, the eyes should be protected from dust and flying debris. One piece of swarf in the eye can lead to blindness. We should all get into and maintain the habit of wearing safety spectacles or googles at all times when working with tools. Spectacles give protection against first impact, but should only be used with hand tools. Power tools, because of their higher work-rate, produce waste at a much higher rate and the eyes should then be protected by goggles which provide protection against secondary impacts. Full face screens are available, which flip-up, and can provide a margin of head protection as well as eye protection.

B.     Translate this text into English.

Tidak sedikit dari perusahaan yang masih belum memberikan pelayanan K3 yang baik dan benar terhadap karyawannya. Padahal hal tersebut sangat penting untuk masa depan perusahaan juga. Hampir semua perusahaan tidak pernah membahas K3 dalam rapat-rapat yang diselenggarakan perusahaan tersebut. Perusahaan terlalu fokus pada produksi perusahaan sedangkan program K3 belum diperhatikan dan dikembangkan.. Jika sudah terjadi kecelakaan, barulah perusahaan akan mengingat mengenai K3 tersebut. Namun tetap perusahaan tidak memprioritaskan program K3 dalam pengoperasiannya.Selain itu, pengetahuan mengenai K3 oleh pimpinan maupun karyawan masih rendah. Hal inilah yang membuat perusahaan masih kurang dalam kesadaran dan memberikan pelayanan K3 untuk karyawannya. Terkadang kondisi keuangan perusahaan tersebut tidak mendukung pelaksanaan K3. Karena kurangnya modal untuk menyelenggarakan dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan K3 tersebut, sehingga penerapan K3 pun tidak maksimal dan terkesan seadanya.

ENGLISH 4 FINAL ASSIGNMENT

I.                    Job Hunting

a.       Application Letter

Complete the application letter below. Fill the blank spaces. Write your answer on this sheet directly.

……………………………………. ………………………………..(1) Ms. Grace Royal Director of Human Resources The Senior Citizens’ Homestead 666 Grand Boulevard Belford, CT 06100 ……………………………………………..………….(2) As an educated safety engineer about to graduate from ……………………..……….(3) with………………….……(4) degree in Safety Engineering Technology, I am applying for…………………………………………………………………(5)advertised in The Daily Herald on ……………………………………………………………..…………(6). In college I have maintained a 3.60 grade point average while serving as head of the Technology Club. Under the supervision of a licensed safety engineer, I …………………………(7)and acquired a great deal of practical experience during the course of this project. The enclosed résumé will attest to my strong work ethic. Thank you very much for considering my application. I …………………………………………………………..………….(8) …………………………………………………………..(9) ………………………………………………………...(10)

b.      Job Interview

Answer these questions in a job interview.

1. Tell about yourself, your strength and your weakness.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. What do you think you’ve learned in college?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. What kind of work do you like best? Give your explanation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What kind of work do you like least? Give your explanation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Why do you think you’re qualified for this position you apply for?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Why do you want to work for this particular company?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Are you willing to work shifts? Weekends? Overtime?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. How can you stay in this company? What do you think about loyalty?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. What are your long-range goals?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. How much do you expect us to pay you? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II.                  Reading Comprehension

Engineer-Functions & Responsibilities

ENGINEERING:

Engineering is the professional art of applying, science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to benefit man. The words engineer and ingenious are derived from the same Latin root “ingenerare” meaning “to create”.

Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. Engineering is an art requiring the judgment necessary to adapt knowledge to practical purposes, the imagination to conceive original solutions to problems, and the ability to predict performance and cost of new devices or processes.

The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry & mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, system analysis, computer programming, electronics and optronics.

Unlike the scientists, the engineer is not free to select the problem that interests him; he must solve problems as they arise; his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually efficiency costs money; safety adds to complexity; improved performance increases weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that, taking many factors into account, is most desirable. It may be the cheapest for a specified level of performance, the most reliable within a given weight limit, the simplest that will satisfy certain safety requirements, or the most efficient for a given cost. In many engineering problems, the social costs are significant.

Engineers employ two types of natural resources – materials and energy. Since most resources are limited, the engineer must concern himself with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilization of existing ones. The results of engineering activities contribute to the welfare of man by furnishing food, shelter, and comfort; by making work, transportation and communication easier and safer; and by making life pleasant and satisfying.

ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS:

The branches indicate what the engineer works with; the functions describe what he does. In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches are the following:

Research. The research engineer seeks new principles and processes by employing mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental techniques, and inductive reasoning.

Development. The development engineer applies the results of research to useful purposes. Ingenious and creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electronics circuit, a chemical process, an industrial machine, or a gadget of optronics.

Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specification.

Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.

Production. Plant layout and equipment selection, with consideration of human and economic factors, is the responsibility of the production engineer. He chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.

Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication. He determines procedures and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.

Management and other functions. In some countries (U.S.A.,Japan, etc) and industries, engineers analyze customer requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems. In some industries, too, engineers decide how assets are to be used.

ENGINEERING RESPONSIBILITIES.

One activity common to all engineering work is problem solution. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution of the problem. Since the engineer functions at the socio-technological “interface” (with science and technology on one side and individuals and communities on the other), he bears a unique responsibility to decide on priorities, establish performance criteria, select materials and processes, and specify evaluation procedures.

Problem solution. Although engineering problems vary greatly in scope and complexity, the same general approach is applicable. First comes an analysis of the overall situation and a preliminary decision on a plan of attack. In line with this plan, the usually broad and vague problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. The stated question is then answered by deductive reasoning from known principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or design is always checked for accuracy and adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified problem as stated are interpreted in terms of the original problem and reported in an appropriate form. 

In his search for solutions to problems, especially new problems, the engineer is in conflict with a rather intractable environment and often in competition with predecessors who tried and failed and with contemporary rivals who are trying to solve the same problem. His success depends on ability to create a new idea, a new device, a new process, or a new material. 

Decision making. The engineer not only makes technological advances available to man but also may be charged with the responsibility to see that such advances do indeed enhance the welfare of man. By virtue of his knowledge, his skill, and his unique role in society, the engineer must concern himself with the results of technological progress such as its effect on the physical environment and its social and economic impact. A successful engineer is prepared for decision making on complex problems in broad areas. He is skilled in the use of sophisticated tools and creative in the development of new techniques. He has the vision to conceive vast projects, the talent to analyze them as integrated man-machine-environment systems, and the ability to predict their technical performance and their human impact.

Questions:

1.       What are the differences between an engineer and a scientist?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2.       What does an engineer do in doing a research?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.       What does an engineer do in management?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.       Explain the term ‘socio-technological” in the text!

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.       How to be a successful engineer?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

III.                Grammar and Written Expression.

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1.       Throughout its history, the John Hopkins University has noted for providing innovative programs and for its emphasis on graduate study.

.............................................................................................................................

2.       It is extremely important for an engineer to know to use a computer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3.       Beyond the simple pleasure of flying, kites have been use to lift or tow objects.

.............................................................................................................................

4.       B.J. Habibie was the most prominent scientist in Indonesia when he appointed a President of Republic of Indonesia in 1998.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.       According to the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. constitution, no person should be compelled to be a witness against him own.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6.       The Navajo Indians have displayed a market ability to incorporate aspects of other cultures into a changing, flexibility life style.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7.       The companies president eats lunch in the cafeteria with the other employees once a week.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8.       The building who wins the award for architecture will become famous.

...............................................................................................................................................

9.       Could you get a report you told me about that explains the latest environmental regulation?

……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………...

10.   The typed letters were placing on the manager’s desk.

…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

11.   In the front office, a smiled receptionist greets visitors.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..................

12.   The black leopard is very dark that its spots are difficult to seeing.

……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………....

13.   Lack of sanitation in restaurants are a major cause of disease in some areas of the country.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

14.   Because the employees working so diligently to renovation the old building, the manager had a party.

………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….

15.   Stars in our universe are various in temperature, color, bright, size and mass.

……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….

16.   When their temperature rise, the resistance of thermistors fall rapidly.

………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

17.   All materials can classified into three groups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow.

………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….

18.   The first category is substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.

……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….

19.   A material which is not easily release electrons is called an insulator.

……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….

20.   Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as insulator.

……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….

IV.                Writing and Composition

Write an essay of 20 sentences or more. Explain about your opinion about education problems in Indonesia and the ways to solve them. Pay attention to the structure of a paragraph: the topic sentence, supporting sentences and the concluding sentences.

V.                  Translation.

A.      Translate this text into Indonesian.

When carrying out restorations or modification to our own or another property we should always be careful to build-in a margin of safety to the construction, for obvious reasons. Similarly we should always take the same degree of care with our own safety and future health. Everyone knows that asbestos can be a health hazard, but are we all aware that wood dust, cement dust, metal and noise can also be dangerous.

The most at-risk part of the body is the eyes. When using any power tool and a lot of hand tools, the eyes should be protected from dust and flying debris. One piece of swarf in the eye can lead to blindness. We should all get into and maintain the habit of wearing safety spectacles or googles at all times when working with tools.

Spectacles give protection against first impact, but should only be used with hand tools. Power tools, because of their higher work-rate, produce waste at a much higher rate and the eyes should then be protected by goggles which provide protection against secondary impacts. Full face screens are available, which flip-up, and can provide a margin of head protection as well as eye protection.

B.      Translate this text into English.

Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Perusahaan Belum Memberikan Pelayanan K3 Yang Baik

Tidak sedikit dari perusahaan yang masih belum memberikan pelayanan K3 yang baik dan benar terhadap karyawannya. Padahal hal tersebut sangat penting untuk masa depan perusahaan juga. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena faktor berikut:

1.    Manajemen perusahaan memberikan prioritas rendah pada program K3 dalam program perusahaan

Hampir semua perusahaan yang ada, program K3 tidak pernah dibahas dalam rapat-rapat yang diselenggarakan perusahaan tersebut. perusahaan terlalu fokus pada produksi perusahaan sedangkan program K3 tersebut sangat dibelakangkan. Jika sudah terjadi kecelakaan, barulah perusahaan akan mengingat mengenai K3 tersebut. Namun tetap perusahaan tidak memprioritaskan program K3 dalam pengoperasiannya.

2.    Kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai K3 baik dari pimpinan maupun karyawan

Pengetahuan mengenai K3 oleh karyawan ataupun pihak pimpinan sering masih rendah, baik pengetahuan mengenai cara penerapan K3 yang benar, dampak apabila perusahaan tidak menerapkan K3 tersebut, dan sebagainya. Hal inilah yang membuat perusahaan masih kurang dalam kesadaran dan memberikan pelayanan K3 untuk karyawannya.

3.    Keterbatasan modal dalam memberikan pelayanan K3

Untuk memberikan pelayanan K3 yang benar tentu diperlukan berbagai modal untuk melaksanakannya. Terkadang kondisi keuangan perusahaan tersebut tidak mendukung pelaksanaanya. Karena kurangnya modal untuk menyelenggarakan dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan K3 sehingga penerapan K3 pun tidak maksimal dan terkesan seadanya.

4.    Pengawasan pemerintah yang lemah dalam penerapan K3 di perusahaan

K3 memang sudah memiliki undang-undang yang sah secara hukum. Namun, pemerintah masih kurang dalam hal mengawasi berjalannya produk hukum tersebut. Pemerintah hanya menganggap semuanya akan berjalan lancar bila sudah memiliki hukum yang kuat. Padahal dalam kenyataannya, penerapan K3 masih sangat kurang meskipun telah memiliki Undang-Undang yang kuat.