I.
Writing
Develop a short explanatory-argumentative
essay which consists about 250 – 300 words. Choose one of these topics:
- What do you think about traditional culture towards modern culture?
- Which one is more important, formal education or informal education?
II.
Reading
Comprehension
GREENER CARS MAY WARM THE WORLD
Cars equipped with
catalytic converters emit higher quantities of a gas that contribute to global
warming and deplete stratospheric ozone than cars without them, according to
tests carried at in Sweden
and France.
A catalytic
converter is a cylindrical box connected to the exhaust of a petrol car. It
reduces some of the pollutants that petrol engines produce, such as
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. A modern three ways catalytic
converter (TWC) can eliminate up to 80% of these pollutants.
All new cars in the US are fitted with catalytic converters in order
to reduce pollution and the European Commission is considering following suit
by making it compulsory for all new models of cars in Europe
to be fitted with TWCs.
Nitrous oxide is a
by-product of the process within catalytic converters. Until recently,
researcher had thought that nitrous oxide was not a significant pollutant from
motor vehicles.
However, researcher
at the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (SERI) in Gothenburg, the
Vehicle Emission Research laboratory in Studsvik and the Petroleum Institute at
Rueil-Malmaison in France, have found that level of nitrous oxide rose
significantly in cars with catalytic converters.
The researchers
looked at nitrous oxide emission from cars with petrol engines, both with and
without TWCs, and also at emissions from cars with diesel engines. All the
studies found that cars equipped with TWCs produced more nitrous oxide than
either a car without a TWC or a diesel-powered vehicle. The researcher at SERI
found that vehicles with TWCs produced up to five times as much as nitrous
oxide as cars without them.
The French team also
found that cars fitted with TWCs produced many times more nitrous oxide than
cars without them. The difference, however, is the greatest at low speeds after
a cold start. All three groups showed that the complex chemistry occurring
within a TWC forms nitrous oxide.
Concern about the
role of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere dates back to the early 1970s, when
scientists feared that emission of the gas from the engines of high flying
aircraft such as Concord
would destroy ozone in the stratosphere. Although later calculation showed that
this risk was slight, the research led to the investigation of the role of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as destroyers of ozone.
More recently,
realized that nitrous oxide contributes significantly to the warming of the
world, through the greenhouse effect. Like carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs and
other gases produced as a result of human activities, nitrous oxide traps the
infrared heat that would be otherwise radiated into space.
Nitrous oxide ranks
behind carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs in its contribution to the greenhouse
effect, but this does not mean that its contribution can be ignored.
One of the key
problems with the greenhouse effect is that there are so many gases that seem
to make a minor contribution that it is hard to blame any one pollutant.
Together, all these gases apart from carbon dioxide more than double the effect
of CO2. As Stephen Schneider of the US National Center for
Atmospheric Research has put it: “the little guys nickel and dime their way to
contribute half the problem”.
According to one of
he researchers from SERI, no one yet knows whether the amount of nitrous oxide
produced by catalytic converters will have a significant contribution to global
warming or to the depletion of stratospheric ozone.
Researchers also do
not understand the chemical processes by which nitrous oxides are produced
within TWCs so the converters cannot yet modified to prevent this gas from
forming.
TWCs do, however,
have a significant role in reducing other oxides of nitrogen, nitrogen monoxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which produce nitrous oxide when
they are deposited on surfaces. So cars without TWCs could produce more nitrous
oxide indirectly.
Meanwhile, the
results have caused a stir in some parts of Scandinavia-one Swedish newspaper
overreacted to the results and published a story with a headline which read:
“Catalytic converters destroy the ozone layer”.
A. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
- What does the text talk about?
- What is the function of catalytic converter?
- What is the difference between cars with TWCs and cars without TWCs?
- How is the role of nitrous oxide to the warming of the world?
- So what does “green car’ mean?
B. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS
- Explain the meaning of the word “equipped” in paragraph 1?
- Give the synonym of the word “eliminate” in paragraph 2 from the text!
- What is the synonym of the word “concern” in paragraph 8 according to the context?
III.
Structure
All sentences
below are wrong. Pay attention to the underlined words, the mistake is on the
one of those underlined word. Rewrite the correction only.
1.
Throughout
its history, the John Hopkins University has noted for providing
innovative programs and for its emphasis on graduate study.
2.
It is extremely important for
an engineer to know to use a computer.
3.
Beyond
the simple pleasure of flying, kites have been use to lift
or tow objects.
4.
B.J. Habibie was the most
prominent scientist in Indonesia when he appointed a President of
Republic of Indonesia in 1998.
5.
According to
the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. constitution, no person should be compelled
to be a witness against him own.
6.
The Navajo Indians have
displayed a market ability to incorporate aspects of other cultures
into a changing, flexibility life style.
7.
The
companies president eats lunch in the cafeteria with the
other employees once a week.
8.
The building who wins the award for
architecture will become famous.
9.
Could
you get a report you told me about that explains the latest
environmental regulation?
10.
The
typed letters were placing on the manager’s desk.
11.
In the front office, a smiled
receptionist greets visitors.
12.
The black
leopard is very dark that its spots are difficult to
seeing.
13.
Lack of
sanitation in restaurants are a major cause of disease in some
areas of the country.
14.
Because the employees working so diligently to renovation the old building, the manager had a
party.
15.
Star in our universe are various in temperature, color, brightness,
size and mass.
16.
When
their temperature rise, the resistance of thermistors fall rapidly.
17.
All
materials can classified into
three groups according to how readily they permit an electric
current to flow.
18.
The first
category is
substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.
19.
A material which is not easily release electrons is called an
insulator.
20.
Under
certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but
under others they behave as insulator.
21.
You may have to moving to a different region or a different
country to get a job that is right for you.
22.
You might
even have to taking a lower salary for a job that offers you the experience that
you need.
23.
But you
should never accepted a job if it is not related to your career goals.
24.
Accepting a job that is not within your career
path will not give you the training or experience you need or wanted.
25.
.What
are you going to do if the company doesn’t providing you a
permanent employee status?
26.
What
is the hardest thing you can do relating to the job that you want
or what kind of sacrifices that you can do?
27.
Not only for production process in industry and
transportation, this fuel is still required much to generating
electricity.
28.
The
government should more sensitive to take action towards
air pollution in big cities.
29.
What was
your best and up to date innovation you have contribution or you
have done?
30. As our company
plan new products and processes, health, safety and environmental
considerations are a priority
IV.
Translation.
A.
Translate
this text into Indonesian.
When carrying out restorations or modification to our own
or another property we should always be careful to build-in a margin of safety
to the construction. Everyone knows that asbestos can be a health hazard, but
are we all aware that wood dust, cement dust, metal and noise can also be
dangerous? The most at-risk part of the body is the eyes. When using any power
tool and a lot of hand tools, the eyes should be protected from dust and flying
debris. One piece of swarf in the eye can lead to blindness. We should all get
into and maintain the habit of wearing safety spectacles or googles at all
times when working with tools. Spectacles give protection against first impact,
but should only be used with hand tools. Power tools, because of their higher
work-rate, produce waste at a much higher rate and the eyes should then be
protected by goggles which provide protection against secondary impacts. Full
face screens are available, which flip-up, and can provide a margin of head
protection as well as eye protection.
B.
Translate
this text into English.
Tidak sedikit dari
perusahaan yang masih belum memberikan pelayanan K3 yang baik dan benar
terhadap karyawannya. Padahal hal tersebut sangat penting untuk masa depan
perusahaan juga. Hampir semua perusahaan tidak pernah membahas K3 dalam
rapat-rapat yang diselenggarakan perusahaan tersebut. Perusahaan terlalu fokus
pada produksi perusahaan sedangkan program K3 belum diperhatikan dan
dikembangkan.. Jika sudah terjadi kecelakaan, barulah perusahaan akan mengingat
mengenai K3 tersebut. Namun tetap perusahaan tidak memprioritaskan program K3
dalam pengoperasiannya.Selain itu, pengetahuan mengenai K3 oleh pimpinan maupun
karyawan masih rendah. Hal inilah yang membuat perusahaan masih kurang dalam kesadaran
dan memberikan pelayanan K3 untuk karyawannya. Terkadang kondisi keuangan
perusahaan tersebut tidak mendukung pelaksanaan K3. Karena kurangnya modal
untuk menyelenggarakan dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan K3 tersebut, sehingga
penerapan K3 pun tidak maksimal dan terkesan seadanya.
